i) Murabaha means a sale of goods by a person to another under an arrangement whereby the seller is obliged to disclose to the buyer the cost of goods sold either on cash basis or deferred payment basis and a margin of profit included in the sale price of goods agreed to be sold.

ii) Goods to be traded should be real goods but not credit documents.

iii) Being a sale transaction, it is essential that the commodities which are the subject of sale in a Murabaha transaction, must be existing, owned by the seller and in his physical or constructive possession. Therefore, it is necessary that the seller must have assumed the risks of ownership before selling the commodities to the buyer/customer.

iv) Murabaha, like any other sale, requires an offer and acceptance which will include certainty of price, place of delivery, and date on which the price, if deferred, will be paid.

v) In a Murabaha transaction, the appointment of an agent, if any, the purchase of goods by or for and on behalf of the bank and the ultimate sale of such goods to the customer shall all be transactions independent of each other and shall be so separately documented. An agreement to sell, however, may embody all the aforesaid events and transactions and can be entered into at the time of inception of relationship. The agent would first purchase the commodity on behalf of his principal i.e. financier and take its possession as such. Thereafter, the client would purchase the commodity from the financier, through an offer and acceptance. According to Sharia it is sufficient in respect of the condition of ‘possession’ that the supplier from whom the bank has purchased the item, gives possession to the bank or its agent in such a manner that subject matter of the sale comes under the risk of the bank. In other words, the commodity will remain in the risk of the financer during the period of purchase of the commodity by the agent and its ultimate sale to the client (agent/buyer) and its possession by him.

vi) The invoice issued by the supplier will be in the name of the financier as the commodity would be purchased by an agent on behalf of such financier. It is preferable that the payment for such commodities should be made by the financier directly to the supplier.

vii) Once the sale transaction has been concluded, the selling price determined cannot be changed.

viii) It can be stipulated while entering into the agreement that in case of late payment or default by the client, he shall be liable to pay penalty calculated at percent per day or per annum that will go to the charity fund constituted by the bank. The amount of penalty cannot be taken to be a source of further return to the bank (the seller of the goods) but shall be used for charitable purposes including the projects intended to ameliorate economic conditions of the sections of the society possessing little or nothing i.e. needy people/peoples without means.

ix) The banks can also approach competent courts for award of solatium which shall be determined by the Courts at their discretion, on the basis of direct and indirect costs incurred, other than opportunity cost. Also, security or collateral can be sold by the bank (seller) without intervention of the court.

x) The buyer may be required to furnish security in the form of pledge, hypothecation, lien, mortgage or any other form of encumbrance on asset. However, the mortgagee or the charge-holder shall not derive any financial benefit from such security.

xi) A Murabaha contract cannot be rolled over because the goods once sold by the bank become property of the client and, hence, cannot be resold.

xii) Buy-back arrangement is prohibited. Therefore, commodities already owned by the client cannot become the subject of a Murabaha transaction between him and the same financier.

xiii) The promissory note or bill of exchange or any evidence of indebtedness cannot be assigned or transferred on a price different from its face value.

i) In Ijara/leasing, the corpus of leased commodity remains in the ownership of the lessor and only its usufruct is transferred to the lessee. Any thing which cannot be used without consuming the same cannot be leased out like money, edibles, fuel, etc. Only such assets which are owned by the lessor can be leased out except that a sub-lease is effected by the lessee with the express permission of the lessor.

ii) Until such time that assets to be leased are delivered to the lessee, lease rentals do not become due and payable.

iii) During the entire term of the lease, the lessor must retain title to the assets, and bear all risks and rewards pertaining to ownership. However, if any damage or loss is caused to the leased assets due to the fault or negligence of the lessee, the consequences thereof shall be borne by the lessee. The consequences arising from non-customary use of the asset without mutual agreement will also be borne by the lessee. The lessee is also responsible for all risks and consequences in relation to third party liability, arising from or incidental to operation or use of the leased assets.

iv) The insurance of the leased asset should be in the name of lessor and the cost of such insurance borne by him.
(It is hoped that arrangement shall soon be made for Islamic Takaful to replace the existing insurance system).

v) A lease can be terminated before expiry of the term of the lease but only with the mutual consent of the parties.

vi) Either party can make a unilateral promise to buy/sell the assets upon expiry of the term of lease, or earlier at a price and at such terms and conditions as are agreed, provided that the lease agreement shall not be conditional upon such sale. Alternatively, the lessor may make a promise to gift the asset to the lessee upon termination of the lease, provided the lessee has fulfilled all his obligations. However, there shall not be any stipulation in the lease agreement purporting to transfer of ownership of the leased assets at a future date.

vii) The amount of rental must be agreed in advance in an unambiguous manner either for the full term of the lease or for a specific period in absolute terms.

viii) Assignment of only the lease rentals is not permissible except at par value.

ix) Contract of lease will be considered terminated if the leased asset ceases to give the service for which it was rented. However, if the leased asset is damaged during the period of the contract but is capable of being repaired, the contract will remain valid.

x) A penalty can be agreed ab initio in the lease agreement for delay in payment of rental by the lessee. In that case, lessee shall be liable to pay penalty calculated at the agreed rate in percent per day/annum. However, that penalty shall be used for the purposes of charity. The banks can also approach competent courts for award of damages, at discretion of the courts, which shall be determined on the basis of direct and indirect costs incurred, other than opportunity cost. Also, security or collateral can be sold by the bank (purchaser) without intervention of the court.

i) Salam (advance payment against deferred delivery of goods) means a kind of sale whereby the seller undertakes to supply specific goods to a buyer at a future date in consideration of a price fully paid in advance at the time the contract of sale is made.

ii) The buyer shall pay the price in full to the seller at the time of effecting the sale. Otherwise, it will be tantamount to a sale of debt against debt, which is expressly prohibited in Shariah.

iii) The specifications, quality and quantity of the commodity must be determined to avoid any ambiguity which could become a cause of dispute.

iv) Date and place of delivery must be agreed upon but can be changed with mutual consent of the parties.

v) Salam can be effected in respect of ‘Dhawatul-Amthal’ which represent such commodities the units of which are homogenous in characteristics and which are traded by counting, measuring or weighing according to usage and customs of trade. Therefore, other things such as precious stones, cattle heads etc. cannot be sold through the contract of Salam because every stone or individual animal is normally different from the others.

vi) It is necessary that the commodity which is the subject of Salam contract is normally expected to be available at the time of delivery.

vii) Salam cannot be effected in respect of things which must be delivered on spot. Examples are exchange of gold with silver or wheat with barley where it is necessary according to Shariah that the delivery of both be simultaneous.

viii) Salam cannot be tied to the produce of a particular farm, field or tree.

ix) In a Salam transaction, the buyer cannot contractually bind the seller to buy-back the commodity that will be delivered by the seller to the buyer. However, after the delivery is effected, the buyer and the seller can enter into a transaction of sale, independently, with their free will.

x) In Salam transactions the buyer shall not, before taking possession (actual or constructive) of the goods sell or transfer ownership in the goods to any person.

xi) The bank (buyer in Salam) can enter into a Parallel Salam contract without any condition or linkage with the original Salam contract. In one of them, the bank will be the buyer and in the second the seller. Each one of the two contracts shall be independent of the other. They cannot be tied up in a manner that the rights and obligations of original contract are dependant on the rights and obligations of the parallel contract. Further, Parallel Salam is allowed with a third party only.

xii) In order to ensure that the seller shall deliver the commodity on the agreed date, the bank can ask him to furnish a security.

xiii) In case of multiple commodities, the quantity and period of delivery for each of them should be separately fixed.

xiv) A penalty can be agreed ab initio in the Salam contract for delay in delivery of the concerned commodity by the client i.e. seller of the commodity. In that case, the client shall be liable to pay penalty calculated at the agreed rate in percent per day/annum. However, that penalty shall be used for the purposes of charity. The banks can also approach competent courts for award of damages, at discretion of the courts, which shall be determined on the basis of direct and indirect costs incurred, other than opportunity cost. Also, security or collateral can be sold by the bank (purchaser) without intervention of the court.

i) Musharaka means relationship established under a contract by the mutual consent of the parities for sharing of profits and losses arising from a joint enterprise or venture.

ii) Investments come from all partners/shareholders hereinafter referred to as partners.

iii) Profits shall be distributed in the proportion mutually agreed in the contract.

iv) If one or more partners choose to become non-working or silent partners, the ratio of their profit cannot exceed the ratio which their capital investment bears to the total capital investment in Musharaka.

v) If Mudarib in a Shirkah arrangement also contributes his own capital to the business, he will be entitled to share the profit in proportion to his own capital in addition to his share as Mudarib according to the agreed proportion.

vi) It is not allowed to fix a lump sum amount for any of the partners, or any rate of profit tied up with his capital. A management fee however, can be paid to the partner managing the Musharaka provided the agreement for the payment of such fee is independent of the Musharaka agreement.

vii) Losses are shared by all partners in proportion to their capital.

viii) All assets of Musharaka are jointly owned in proportion to the capital of each partner.

ix) All partners must contribute their capital in terms of money or species at an agreed valuation.

i) Mudaraba means an arrangement in which a person participates with his money and another with his efforts and shall include banks, unit trusts, mutual funds or any other institutions or persons by whatever name called.

ii) A Mudarib who runs the business can be a natural person, a group of persons, or a legal entity and a corporate body.

iii) Rabbulmal shall provide his investment in money or species, other than receivables, at a mutually agreed valuation which shall be placed under the absolute disposal of the Mudarib.

iv) The conduct of business of Mudaraba shall be carried out exclusively by the Mudarib within the framework of mandate given in the Mudaraba agreement.

v) The profit shall be divided in strict proportion agreed at the time of contract and no party shall be entitled to a predetermined amount of return or remuneration.

vi) Financial losses of the Mudaraba shall be borne solely by the Rabbulmal, unless it is proved that the Mudarib has been guilty of fraud, negligence or willful misconduct or has acted in contravention of the mandate.

vii) The liability of Rabbulmal is limited to his investment unless otherwise specified in the Mudaraba contract.

viii) Mudaraba may be of various types which may be multi purpose or specific purpose, perpetual or for a fixed period, restricted or unrestricted and close or open-ended in accordance with the conditions respective to each of them.

ix) The Mudarib can invest his funds in the business of the Mudaraba with the permission of Rabbulmal. The condition is that in such situation, the Rabbulmal shall not be entitled to a proportion of profit in excess of the ratio that his investment bears to the total investment of the enterprise. The loss, if any, shall be shared in proportion to the capital of the parties.

i) Istisna‘a is an exceptional mode of sale, at an agreed price, whereby the buyer places an order to manufacture, assemble or construct, or cause so to do anything to be delivered at a future date.

ii) The commodity must be known and specified to the extent of removing any ambiguity regarding its specifications including kind, type, quality and quantity.

iii) Price of the goods to be manufactured must be fixed in absolute and unambiguous terms. The agreed price may be paid in lump sum or in installments in the matter mutually agreed by the parties.

iv) Providing of material required for manufacture of commodity is the responsibility of the buyer.

v) Unless otherwise mutually agreed, any party may cancel the contract unilaterally if the seller has not incurred any direct or indirect cost in relation thereto.

vi) If goods manufactured conform to the specifications agreed between the parties, the orderer (purchaser) cannot decline to accept them except if there is an obvious defect in such goods. However, the agreement can stipulate that if the delivery is not made within the mutually agreed time period, then the buyer can refuse to accept the goods.

vii) The bank (buyer in Istisna) can enter into a Parallel Istisna contract without any condition or linkage with the original Istisna contract. In one of them, the bank will be the buyer and in the second the seller. Each of the two contracts shall be independent of the other. They cannot be tied up in a manner that the rights and obligations of one contract are dependant on the rights and obligations of the parallel contract. Further, Parallel Istisna is allowed with a third party only.

viii) In Istisna transactions the buyer shall not, before taking possession (actual or constructive) of the goods sell or transfer ownership in the goods to any other person.

ix) If the seller fails to deliver the goods within the stipulated period, the price of the commodity can be reduced by a specified amount per day as per the agreement.

x) The agreement can provide for payment for penalty calculated at the agreed rate in percent per day/annum that shall be used for the purposes of charity. The banks can also approach competent courts for award of solatium, at discretion of the courts, which shall be determined on the basis of direct and indirect costs incurred, other than opportunity cost. Also, security or collateral can be sold by the bank (purchaser) without intervention of the court.

xi) In case of default by the client (Saani’i), the banks can also approach competent courts for award of damages, at discretion of the courts, which shall be determined on the basis of direct and indirect costs incurred, other than opportunity cost.